Association of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf with nystatin against oral cavity yeasts.

Oral thrush or candidiasis is a fairly common infectious fungal disease that is mainly caused by species of the genus Candida spp. In this work, we evaluated the antifungal activity of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf (lemongrass) and its combination with nystatin against oral cavity yeasts. The oil was extracted by the steam distillation method, and its constituents were quantified. The yeasts were identified using MALDI-TOF MS. The sensitivity to the essential oil and its association with nystatin was verified by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and checkerboard methods. In the essential oil samples, there were 84.53% of citral. A total of 64.77% of strains were identified as Candida albicans. On susceptibility tests, 83.55% of the yeast isolates were inhibited in concentrations of ≥16 µg/mL of nystatin. C. citratus's oil was capable of inhibiting and killing all the isolates tested with concentrations that varied from 0.137 to 2.2 mg/mL. The association of oil and nystatin had an additive effect on more than 78% of the strains. The association of this herbal drug with nystatin potentialized the antifungal effect on yeast samples isolated from the oral cavity of oncologic patients.

Avaliação microbiológica de sorvetes comercializados na cidade de Pouso Alegre ­ MG / Microbiological evaluation of ice cream sold in the city of Pouso Alegre - MG

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade microbiológica de sorvetes comercializados na cidade de Pouso Alegre ­ MG. Foram adquiridas 2 amostras de sorvete de 18 sorveterias em um intervalo de 30 dias totalizando 36 amostras. As amostras de sorvetes foram submetidas às análises para enumeração de coliformes totais, coliformes termotolerantes, Estafilococos coagulase positiva e Salmonella spp. As análises foram realizadas segundo os protocolos da American Public Health Association descrita no Compendium of methods for the microbiological examination of foods. Neste estudo não foram encontradas espécies de Salmonella spp. entretanto, houve amostras contaminadas por E. coli e Estafilococos coagulase positiva.13,89% das amostras analisadas estavam fora dos padrões estabelecidos. Verificou-se ainda a presença de coliformes totais em 77,78% e de Staphylococcus sp. em 36,11% e, embora a legislação vigente não mencione limites de contaminação para estes microrganismos, pode-se dizer que a matéria-prima estava contaminada, que as condições higiênicas, no processamento e armazenamento estavam inadequados para este produto. As amostras analisadas obtidas de sorveterias da região central foram as mais contaminadas, onde foi encontrada a presença de E. coli e Estafilococos coagulase positiva. A presença desses microrganismos sugere falhas em algum momento do processamento, armazenamento ou da venda destes produtos tornando-os inadequados, podendo não só causar uma deterioração mais rápida do sorvete, mas também colocando em risco a saúde do consumidor

This study aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality of ice cream sold in the city of Pouso Alegre ­ MG. Two ice cream samples were acquired from 18 ice cream parlors in a 30-day interval, totaling 36 samples. The ice cream samples were subjected to analysis for enumeration of total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms, coagulase positive Staphylococci and Salmonella spp. The analyzes were performed according to the protocols of the American Public Health Association described in the Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Foods. In this study no species of Salmonella spp. were found, however, there were samples contaminated by E. coli and coagulase positive Staphylococci. 13.89% of the analyzed samples were outside the established standards. It was also verified the presence of total coliforms in 77.78% and Staphylococcus sp. in 36.11% and, although the current legislation does not mention contamination limits for these microorganisms, it can be said that the raw material was contaminated, that the hygiene, processing and storage conditions were inadequate for this product. The analyzed samples obtained from ice cream parlors in the central region were the most contaminated, where the presence of E. coli and coagulase positive Staphylococci was found. The presence of these microorganisms suggests failures at some point in the processing, storage or sale of these products, making them unsuitable and not only causing a faster deterioration of the ice cream, but also putting the consumer's health at risk

Avaliação microbiológica de sushis comercializados em dois tipos de restaurantes de Pouso Alegre ­ MG / Microbiological evaluation of sushi marketed in two types of restaurants in Pouso Alegre - MG

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os padrões microbiológicos de sushis preparados e comercializados em dois tipos de restaurantes no município de Pouso Alegre ­ MG. Foram adquiridas 32 amostras de sushis entre os meses de outubro a novembro de 2019 e realizadas pesquisa de coliformes totais, coliformes termotolerantes, Escherichia coli e estafilococos coagulase positiva. Para os testes de coliformes, as amostras foram inoculadas pela técnica pour plate utilizando o meio Agar Vermelho Violeta Bile. Para os testes de estafilococos coagulase positiva, foi utilizada a técnica de spread plate utilizando o meio Agar Baird Parker. Neste estudo não foram encontradas bactérias do grupo coliformes termotolerantes, entretanto, houve presença de coliformes totais em 59,37% das amostras. Em relação a estafilococos coagulase positiva, duas amostras foram positivas para este microrganismo, entretanto, apenas uma teve valores fora dos padrões estabelecidos pela legislação. Quando comparado os resultados entre os dois restaurantes, não houve diferença estatística entre eles. Neste estudo, com exceção de uma amostra, todas as outras amostras estão de acordo com os padrões de qualidade alimentar

The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological patterns of sushi prepared and sold in 2 types of restaurants in the city of Pouso Alegre ­ MG. Thirty-two samples of sushi were acquired between October and November 2019 and a search for total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli and coagulase-positive staphylococci were carried out. For the coliform tests, the samples were inoculated by the pour plate technique using the Red Violet Bile Agar medium. For coagulase positive staphylococci tests, the spread plate technique using Baird Parker Agar medium was used. In this study, bacteria of the thermotolerant coliform group were not found, however, total coliforms were present in 59.37% of the samples. Regarding coagulase-positive staphylococci, two samples were positive for this microorganism, however, only one had values ​​outside the standards established by legislation. When comparing the results between the two restaurants, there was no statistical difference between them. In this study, with the exception of one sample, all other samples meet food quality standards

Alcohol (70%) versus alcoholic chlorhexidine solution (0.5%) in skin antisepsis for neuraxial blocks: a randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: to compare the use of 0.5% alcoholic chlorhexidine and 70% alcohol in skin antisepsis for neuraxial blocks. METHOD: this is a non-inferiority randomized clinical trial, with two parallel arms. Seventy patients who were candidates for neuraxial block were randomly allocated to group A (n = 35), in whom antisepsis was performed with 0.5% alcoholic chlorhexidine, or to group B (n = 35), in whom we used 70% hydrated ethyl alcohol. Swabs were harvested for culture at three times: before antisepsis, two minutes after application of the antiseptic, and immediately after puncture. The samples were sown in three culture media and the number of colony forming units (CFU) per cm² was counted. RESULTS: there was no difference between the groups regarding age, sex, body mass index, time to perform the block or type of block. There were no differences between groups in the CFU/cm² counts before antisepsis. There was less bacterial growth in group B two minutes after application of the antiseptic (p = 0.048), but there was no difference between the groups regarding the number of CFU/cm² at the end of the puncture. CONCLUSION: 70% alcohol was more effective in reducing the number of CFU/cm² after two minutes, and there was no difference between the two groups regarding skin colonization at the end of the procedure. These results suggest that 70% alcohol may be an option for skin antisepsis before neuraxial blocks. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02833376.

Alcohol (70%) versus alcoholic chlorhexidine solution (0. 5%) in skin antisepsis for neuraxial blocks: a randomized clinical trial / Álcool 70% versus solução alcoólica de clorexidina 0, 5% na antissepsia da pele para bloqueios do neuroeixo: ensaio clínico randomizado

ABSTRACT Objective: to compare the use of 0.5% alcoholic chlorhexidine and 70% alcohol in skin antisepsis for neuraxial blocks. Method: this is a non-inferiority randomized clinical trial, with two parallel arms. Seventy patients who were candidates for neuraxial block were randomly allocated to group A (n = 35), in whom antisepsis was performed with 0.5% alcoholic chlorhexidine, or to group B (n = 35), in whom we used 70% hydrated ethyl alcohol. Swabs were harvested for culture at three times: before antisepsis, two minutes after application of the antiseptic, and immediately after puncture. The samples were sown in three culture media and the number of colony forming units (CFU) per cm² was counted. Results: there was no difference between the groups regarding age, sex, body mass index, time to perform the block or type of block. There were no differences between groups in the CFU/cm² counts before antisepsis. There was less bacterial growth in group B two minutes after application of the antiseptic (p = 0.048), but there was no difference between the groups regarding the number of CFU/cm² at the end of the puncture. Conclusion: 70% alcohol was more effective in reducing the number of CFU/cm² after two minutes, and there was no difference between the two groups regarding skin colonization at the end of the procedure. These results suggest that 70% alcohol may be an option for skin antisepsis before neuraxial blocks. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02833376.

RESUMO Objetivo: comparar o uso de solução alcoólica de clorexidina 0,5% e de álcool 70% na antissepsia da pele para bloqueios do neuroeixo. Método: ensaio clínico randomizado de não inferioridade, com dois braços paralelos. Foram selecionados 70 pacientes candidatos à bloqueio do neuroeixo, randomicamente alocados para o grupo A (n=35), em que a antissepsia foi realizada com clorexidina alcoólica 0,5%, ou para o grupo B (n=35), em que se utilizou álcool etílico hidratado 70%. Foram coletadas, com swab, amostras para cultura em três momentos: antes da antissepsia, dois minutos após aplicação do antisséptico, e imediatamente após a punção. As amostras foram semeadas em três meios de cultura e foi contabilizado o número de unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC) por cm². Resultados: não houve diferença entre os grupos quanto à idade, ao sexo, ao índice de massa corporal, ao tempo para realização do bloqueio ou tipo de bloqueio. Também não houve diferenças entre os grupos na contagem de UFC/cm² antes da antissepsia. Constatou-se menor crescimento bacteriano no grupo B dois minutos após aplicação do antisséptico (p=0,048), mas não houve diferença entre os grupos quanto ao número de UFC/cm² ao final da punção. Conclusão: o álcool 70% mostrou-se mais efetivo em reduzir o número de UFC/cm² após dois minutos, e não houve diferença entre os dois grupos quanto à colonização da pele ao final do procedimento. Esses resultados sugerem que o álcool 70% pode ser opção para antissepsia da pele antes de bloqueios do neuroeixo. Registro ensaio clínico: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02833376.

Análise microbiológica de saladas de frutas comercializadas no município de Pouso Alegre – MG / Microbiological analysis of commercialized fruit salads in the municipality of Pouso Alegre – MG

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade microbiológica de saladas de frutas comercializadas em Pouso Alegre - MG, verificando se estas atendem aos padrões microbiológicos para enumeração de coliformes totais e coliformes termotolerantes estabelecidos pela RDC Nº 12 de 2001. As amostras pertenciam a vinte estabelecimentos comerciais diferentes e foram adquiridas no período de agosto a setembro de 2019 no comércio local. As amostras foram diluídas 1/10, 1/100 e 1/1000. Uma alíquota de 1 mL de cada diluição foi inoculada pela técnica pour plate utilizando o meio Agar Vermelho Violeta Bile. As placas foram incubadas em temperatura de 35ºC por 24-48 horas e após esse período as colônias, quando presentes, foram contadas e identificadas. Das 20 amostras analisadas em nenhuma houve crescimento de coliforme termotolerantes sendo este resultado satisfatório, porém, em 75% das amostras houve presença de coliformes totais. Apesar de em todas as amostras encontrarem-se dentro dos padrões microbiológicos vigentes para coliformes termotolerantes, os elevados valores encontrados de coliformes totais evidenciam que o produto pode fornecer risco ao consumidor.

The present study aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality of fruit salads sold in Pouso Alegre - MG, verifying if they meet the microbiological standards for enumeration of total coliforms and thermotolerant coliforms established by RDC No. 12 of 2001.The samples belonged to twenty different commercial establishments and were acquired from August to September 2019 in local trade. The samples were diluted 1/10, 1/100 and 1/1000. A 1 mL aliquot of each dilution was inoculated using the pour plate technique using Agar Red Violet Bile. The plates were incubated at a temperature of 35ºC for 24- 48 hours and after this period the colonies when present, were counted and identified. Of the 20 samples analyzed in none, there was growth of thermotolerant coliform, this result being satisfactory, however, in 75% of the samples there was the presence of total coliforms. Although in all samples they are within the current microbiological standards for thermotolerant coliforms, the high values found for total coliforms show that the product can provide risk to the consumer.

Análise microbiológica de saladas de frutas comercializadas no município de Pouso Alegre ­ MG / Microbiological analysis of commercialized fruit salads in the municipality of Pouso Alegre - MG

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade microbiológica de saladas de frutas comercializadas em Pouso Alegre ­ MG, verificando se estas atendem aos padrões microbiológicos para enumeração de coliformes totais e coliformes termotolerantes estabelecidos pela RDC Nº 12 de 2001. As amostras pertenciam a vinte estabelecimentos comerciais diferentes e foram adquiridas no período de agosto a setembro de 2019 no comércio local. As amostras foram diluídas 1/10, 1/100 e 1/1000. Uma alíquota de 1 mL de cada diluição foi inoculada pela técnica pour plate utilizando o meio Agar Vermelho Violeta Bile. As placas foram incubadas em temperatura de 35ºC por 24-48 horas e após esse período as colônias, quando presentes, foram contadas e identificadas. Das 20 amostras analisadas em nenhuma houve crescimento de coliforme termotolerantes sendo este resultado satisfatório, porém, em 75% das amostras houve presença de coliformes totais. Apesar de em todas as amostras encontrarem-se dentro dos padrões microbiológicos vigentes para coliformes termotolerantes, os elevados valores encontrados de coliformes totais evidenciam que o produto pode fornecer risco ao consumidor

The present study aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality of fruit salads sold in Pouso Alegre ­ MG, verifying if they meet the microbiological standards for enumeration of total coliforms and thermotolerant coliforms established by RDC No. 12 of 2001.The samples belonged to twenty different commercial establishments and were acquired from August to September 2019 in local trade. The samples were diluted 1/10, 1/100 and 1/1000. A 1 mL aliquot of each dilution was inoculated using the pour plate technique using Agar Red Violet Bile. The plates were incubated at a temperature of 35ºC for 24-48 hours and after this period the colonies when present, were counted and identified. Of the 20 samples analyzed in none, there was growth of thermotolerant coliform, this result being satisfactory, however, in 75% of the samples there was the presence of total coliforms. Although in all samples they are within the current microbiological standards for thermotolerant coliforms, the high values found for total coliforms show that the product can provide risk to the consumer

Análises de matérias estranhas e microbiológicas de chás industrializados comercializados em Pouso Alegre MG / Analysis of extraneous materials and microbiological from industrialized teas marketed in Pouso Alegre MG

O objetivo deste estudo foi de avaliar as condições higiênico-sanitárias de quatro marcas de chás industrializados comercializados na cidade de Pouso Alegre - MG utilizando parâmetros de presença de matérias estranhas e análises microbiológicas. Foram coletadas no período de setembro a outubro de 2017, amostras de chás de camomila, erva-doce, hortelã e chá misto que contém em sua formulação essas mesmas ervas. Foram utilizados os métodos da Association of Official Analytical Chemists International (AOAC) de acordo com a RDC n°14 para capturar as sujidades leves e nas análises microbiológicas, foram utilizados métodos da International Organization for Standardization (ISO) de acordo com a RDC n° 12 para avaliar coliformes totais e termotolerantes, fungos e Salmonella spp. Nas pesquisas de matérias estranhas somente três marcas de camomila foram aprovadas, estando o restante dos chás em desacordo com a legislação vigente por estarem acima do limite de tolerância aceitável. Na avaliação de coliformes e Salmonella sp. todas as amostras foram aprovadas porém, houve um crescimento considerável de fungos filamentosos nestas amostras...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the hygienic-sanitary conditions of four brands of industrialized teas marketed in the city of Pouso Alegre - MG using parameters of presence of foreign matter and microbiological analyzes. Were collected in the period from September to October 2017, samples of chamomile teas, fennel, mint and mixed tea that contains in its formulation these same herbs. Were used the methods of the International Association of Analytical Chemists (AOAC) according to RDC n° 14 to capture light dirt and in the microbiological analyzes, were used the methods of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) according to RDC nº 12 to evaluate total and thermotolerant coliforms, fungi and Salmonella spp. In the research of extraneous materials, only three brands of chamomile were approved, the rest of the teas being in disagreement with the current legislation because they are above the acceptable tolerance limit. In the evaluation of coliforms and Salmonella sp. all samples were approved, however, there was a considerable growth of filamentous fungi in these samples

ANÁLISES DE MATÉRIAS ESTRANHAS E MICROBIOLÓGICAS DE CHÁS INDUSTRIALIZADOS COMERCIALIZADOS EM POUSO ALEGRE MG / ANALYSIS OF EXTRANEOUS MATERIALS AND MICROBIOLOGICAL FROM INDUSTRIALIZED TEAS MARKETED IN POUSO ALEGRE MG

O objetivo deste estudo foi de avaliar as condições higiênico-sanitárias de quatro marcas de chás industrializados comercializados na cidade de Pouso Alegre ­ MG utilizando parâmetros de presença de matérias estranhas e análises microbiológicas. Foram coletadas no período de setembro a outubro de 2017, amostras de chás de camomila, erva-doce, hortelã e chá misto que contém em sua formulação essas mesmas ervas. Foram utilizados os métodos da Association of Official Analytical Chemists International (AOAC) de acordo com a RDC n°14 para capturar as sujidades leves e nas análises microbiológicas, foram utilizados métodos da International Organization for Standardization (ISO) de acordo com a RDC n° 12 para avaliar coliformes totais e termotolerantes, fungos e Salmonella spp. Nas pesquisas de matérias estranhas somente três marcas de camomila foram aprovadas, estando o restante dos chás em desacordo com a legislação vigente por estarem acima do limite de tolerância aceitável. Na avaliação de coliformes e Salmonella sp. todas as amostras foram aprovadas porém, houve um crescimento considerável de fungos filamentosos nestas amostras. Os estudos apontam grandes falhas nas boas praticas de fabricação, por se tratarem de produtos industrializados que contam com processos de limpeza e controle de qualidade para certificarem alimentos livres de risco a saúde dos consumidores. A pesquisa sugere uma revisão da resolução vigente para implantar a análise de presença de fungos

The aim of this study was to evaluate the hygienic-sanitary conditions of four brands of industrialized teas marketed in the city of Pouso Alegre ­ MG using parameters of presence of foreign matter and microbiological analyzes. Were collected in the period from September to October 2017, samples of chamomile teas, fennel, mint and mixed tea that contains in its formulation these same herbs. Were used the methods of the International Association of Analytical Chemists (AOAC) according to RDC n° 14 to capture light dirt and in the microbiological analyzes, were used the methods of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) according to RDC nº 12 to evaluate total and thermotolerant coliforms, fungi and Salmonella spp. In the research of extraneous materials, only three brands of chamomile were approved, the rest of the teas being in disagreement with the current legislation because they are above the acceptable tolerance limit. In the evaluation of coliforms and Salmonella sp. all samples were approved, however, there was a considerable growth of filamentous fungi in these samples. The studies point out major flaws in good manufacturing practices, as they are industrialized products that rely on cleaning and quality control processes to certify foods that are free from risks to the health of consumers. The research suggests a revision of the current resolution to implement the analysis of the presence of fungi

In Vitro and In Vivo Antimicrobial Activity of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. Against Staphylococcus spp. Isolated from Newborn Babies in an Intensive Care Unit.

Phytotherapy is an emerging topic of health research, with particular focus on studying the efficiency of essential oils as antimicrobials. In this study, we investigated the in vitro and in vivo susceptibility of Staphylococcus strains isolated from newborns to Cymbopogon citratus oil. The in vitro susceptibility of the microorganisms to C. citratus essential oil was compared with the activities of standard antibiotics administered to newborns using disk diffusion and microdilution methods. For in vivo assessment, 30 Wistar rats were wounded and subjected to infection of Staphylococcus aureus strain DRJ080, followed by treatment with the antibiotic vancomycin, C. citratus, or carbopol polymer gel (control) for 11 days. S. aureus accounted for 23.36% of the 107 Staphylococcus sp. strains isolated. Both vancomycin and the essential oil of C. citratus inhibited the growth of all microorganisms in vitro. The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations for the C. citratus oil were 0.625 mg/mL in all strains tested. The oil had the same therapeutic effectiveness as vancomycin against S. aureus DRJ080 in rats. Thus, Staphylococcus strains of newborns are sensitive to C. citratus oil, both in vitro and in vivo, demonstrating its potential as an antibiotic alternative.

Fixation of the short-term central venous catheter. A comparison of two techniques.

PURPOSE:: To compare the fixation of the central venous catheter (CVC) using two suture techniques. METHODS:: A clinical, analytical, interventional, longitudinal, prospective, controlled, single-blind and randomized study in adult, intensive care unit (ICU) patients. After admission and indication of CVC use, the patients were allocated to the Wing group (n = 35, catheter fixation with clamping wings and retainers) or Shoelace group (n = 35, catheter fixation using shoelace cross-tied sutures around the device). Displacement, kinking, fixation failure, hyperemia at the insertion site, purulent secretion, loss of the device, psychomotor agitation, mental confusion, and bacterial growth at the insertion site were evaluated. RESULTS:: Compared with the Wing group, the Shoelace group had a lower occurrence of catheter displacement (n=0 versus n =4; p = 0.04), kinking (n=0 versus n=8; p=0.001), and fixation failure (n=2 versus n=8; p=0.018). No significant difference was found in bacterial growth (n=20 versus n=14; p=0.267) between groups. CONCLUSION:: The Shoelace fixation technique presented fewer adverse events than the Wing fixation technique.

Fixation of the short-term central venous catheter. A comparison of two techniques

Abstract Purpose: To compare the fixation of the central venous catheter (CVC) using two suture techniques. Methods: A clinical, analytical, interventional, longitudinal, prospective, controlled, single-blind and randomized study in adult, intensive care unit (ICU) patients. After admission and indication of CVC use, the patients were allocated to the Wing group (n = 35, catheter fixation with clamping wings and retainers) or Shoelace group (n = 35, catheter fixation using shoelace cross-tied sutures around the device). Displacement, kinking, fixation failure, hyperemia at the insertion site, purulent secretion, loss of the device, psychomotor agitation, mental confusion, and bacterial growth at the insertion site were evaluated. Results: Compared with the Wing group, the Shoelace group had a lower occurrence of catheter displacement (n=0 versus n =4; p = 0.04), kinking (n=0 versus n=8; p=0.001), and fixation failure (n=2 versus n=8; p=0.018). No significant difference was found in bacterial growth (n=20 versus n=14; p=0.267) between groups. Conclusion: The Shoelace fixation technique presented fewer adverse events than the Wing fixation technique.